Statistics and Sustainability in the Iron and Steel Industry: from Resources to Low-Carbon Technologies

Authors

  • Vaso Manojlović University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3009-2909
  • Karlo Raić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1713-0130
  • Miloš Tarlanović University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
  • Liangyuan Hao Pei Wang HBIS Group Co., Ltd, China https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2302-8972
  • Zhou Youngning HBIS Group Co., Ltd, China
  • Li Guotao HBIS Group Co., Ltd, China

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30544/MMD45

Abstract

Iron and steel are indispensable materials in modern civilization, enabling key sectors such as construction, transportation, and energy. However, the iron industry faces growing challenges related to uncertain resources, environmental limitations aimed at decreasing carbon footprints, and the rising demand for sustainable manufacturing practices. The industry accounts for approximately 7–9% of global CO₂ emissions, underscoring the urgent need for technological innovation and policy-driven decarbonization strategies. This review gathers current statistics on global iron ore reserves, prices, production of various steel grades, and emerging production routes. Additionally, it addresses best available technologies (BAT), the potential impact of CO₂ taxes, and alternative reduction processes like hydrogen-based metallurgy. A comprehensive overview of these aspects will assist stakeholders in improving economic competitiveness, resource efficiency, and environmental sustainability.

Keywords:

Iron and steel production; iron ore; carbon footprint; CO₂ taxes; best available technologies (BAT); sustainable development of the iron and steel industry.
Supporting Agencies
This research was conducted as part of the project “Research on Energy Efficiency Improvement Path and Key Technology Application of HBIS Serbia”, supported by the Key Research and Development Plan (2024YFE0215000). We extend our gratitude to the Joint Laboratory Cooperation between the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Serbia, and the HBIS Group Co., Ltd, China, research group for invaluable support, collaboration, and shared expertise. These contributions have been instrumental in advancing the research objectives and promoting innovation in energy efficiency and sustainable steel production.

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Published

11-03-2025